Interaction effect of thiamine (Vit B1) and 24-epibrassinolide on rapeseed (Brassica napus) growth improvement and change of some biochemical parameters content under cadmium stress

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Shima sanjari 1
Hossein Mozafari 2
Batool Keramat 3
nazi nadernejad 3
1 Department of Biology, University of Jiroft , Iran
2 Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
3 Department of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
10.22034/bsr.2026.563894.1005
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium is an environmental pollutant that causes various toxicities in living organisms, especially plants. The organic substances thiamine and 24-epibrassinolide are known as plant growth regulators that cause different growth and physiological responses in plants. There have been no studies on the interaction of thiamine and epibrassinolide with heavy metals. In this study, the induction of possible resistance-inducing effects by the application of thiamine and epibrassinolide treatment on the reduction of cadmium toxicity in rapeseed was investigated. Rapeseed plants were grown in a greenhouse environment under standard conditions for 4 weeks. After this period, the effects of experimental treatments including concentrations of thiamine (0, 100, and 200 μM), epibrassinolide (0, 0.02, and 0.5 μM), and cadmium (0, 250, and 500 μM) were tested on plants every other day for 7 days. The experiment and treatments were performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications on the plants. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level of 5% using SPSS 18.0 software. The results of this study showed that cadmium stress reduced plant height parameters, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and reduced the content of photosynthetic pigments and sugars in the leaves of stressed plants compared to the control.

Keywords

Subjects

Ahmad, P., Ozturk, M., Gucel, S., 2012. Oxidative damage and antioxidants induced by heavy metal stress in two cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21, 2953-61.
Ali, B., Deng, X., Hu, X., Gill, R.A., Ali, S., Wang, S., Zhou, W., 2015. Deteriorative Effects of Cadmium Stress on Antioxidant System and Cellular Structure in Germinating Seeds of Brassica napus L. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 17(1), 63-74.
Alia, N., Sardar, K., Said, M., Salma, K., Sadia, A., Sadaf, S., Toqeer, A., Miklas, S., 2015. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment. International journal of environmental research and public health 12(7), 7400-16.
Bajguz, A., Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, A., 2014. Interactive effect of brassinosteroids and cytokinins on growth, chlorophyll, monosaccharide and protein content in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae). Plant physiology and biochemistry 80, 176-183.
Bajguz, A., Hayat, S., 2009. Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to environmental stresses. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 47(1), 1-8.
Clouse, S.D., Sasse, J.M., 1998. Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annual review of plant biology 49(1), 427-451.
Dias, M.C., Monteiro, C., Pereira, J.M., Correia, C., 2013. Cadmium toxicity affects photosynthesis and plant growth at different levels. Acta physiologiae plantarum 35(4), 1281-89.
Dobrikova, A.G., Vladkova, R.S., Rashkov, G.D., Todinova, S.J. Krumova, S.B., Apostolova., E.L., 2014. Effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the photosynthetic membranes under non-stress conditions. Plant physiology and biochemistry 80, 75-82.
Domagalska M.A., Schomburg, F.M., Amasino, R.M., Vierstra, R.D., Nagy, F., Davis, S.J., 2007. Attenuation of brassinosteroid signaling enhances FLC expression and delays flowering. Development 134(15), 2841-50.
Duman, F. Ozturk, F., 2010. Nickel accumulation and its effect on biomass, protein content and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves of watercress (Nasturtium officinale). Journal of Environmental Sciences 22(4), 526-532.
Faizan, S., Kausar, S., Perveen, R., 2011. Varietal differences for cadmium-induced seedling mortality, foliar toxicity symptoms, plant growth, proline and nitrate reductase activity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Biologic Medications 3(2), 196-206.
Farid, M., Shakoor, M.B., Ehsan, S., Ali, S., 2013. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of different plant species to Cd stress. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences 3(2013), 53-60.
Fariduddin, Q., Yusuf, M., Ahmad, I., Ahmad, A., 2014. Brassinosteroids and their role in response of plants to abiotic stresses. Biologia Plantarum 58(1), 9-17.
Gallego, S.M., Pena, L.B., Barcia, R.A., Azpilicueta, C.E., 2012. Unravelling cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants: insight into regulatory mechanisms. Environmental and Experimental Botany 83, 33-46.
Gill, S.S. Tuteja, N., 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant physiology and biochemistry 48(12), 909-930.
Gill, S.S., Tutej, N., 2011. Cadmium stress in crop plants by nutrients management: morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects. Plant Stress 5(1), 1-23.
Gubrelay, U., Agnihotri, R.K., Sharma, R.K., 2013. Effect of heavy metal Cd on some physiological and biochemical parameters of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 5(22), 2743.
Hacham, Y., Holland, N., Butterfield, C., Ubeda-Tomas, S., 2011. Brassinosteroid perception in the epidermis controls root meristem size. Development 138(5), 839-848.
He, J., Wang, Y., Ding, H., Ge., C., 2016. Epibrassinolide confers zinc stress tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme responses, osmolytes, and hormonal balance in Solanum melongena seedlings. Brazilian Journal of Botany 39(1), 295-303.
Jaleel, C.A., Riadh, K., Gopi, R., Manivannan, P., Ines, J., Al-Juburi, H.J., Chang-Xing, Z., 2009. Antioxidant defense responses: physiological plasticity in higher plants under abiotic constraints. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 31(3), 427-436.
Janicka-Russak, M., Kabała, K., Burzyński, M., Kłobus, G., 2008. Response of plasma membrane H+-ATPase to heavy metal stress in Cucumis sativu s roots. Journal of Experimental Botany 59(13), 3721-28.
Kao, C.H., 2014. Cadmium Stress in Rice Plants. Influence of Essential Elements 11(3), 113-118.
Kapoor, D., Kaur, S., Bhardwaj, R., 2014. Physiological and biochemical changes in Brassica juncea plants under Cd-induced stress. BioMed research international10, 14-19.
Kartal, G., Temel, A., Arican, E., Gozukirmizi, N., 2009. Effects of brassinosteroids on barley root growth, antioxidant system and cell division. Plant Growth Regulation 58(3), 261-267.
Kaznina, N., Titov, A., 2014. The influence of cadmium on physiological processes and productivity of Poaceae plants. Biology Bulletin Reviews 4(4), 335-348.
Kohli, S.K., Handa, N., Sharma, A., Gautam, V., Arora, S., Bhardwaj, R., Alyemeni, M.N., Wijaya, L., 2017. Combined effect of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid mitigates lead (Pb) toxicity by modulating various metabolites in Brassica juncea L. seedlings. Protoplasma 5, 1-14.
Korenkov, V., Hirschi, K., Crutchfield, J.D., Wagner, G.J., 2007. Enhancing tonoplast Cd/H antiport activity increases Cd, Zn, and Mn tolerance, and impacts root/shoot Cd partitioning in Nicotiana tabacum L. Planta 226(6), 1379-87.
Li, X., Zhao, M., Guo, L., Huang, L., 2012. Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and artemisinin in hydroponically grown Artemisia annua. Journal of Environmental Sciences 24(8), 1511-18.
Liu, S., Yang, R., Pan, Y., Ma, M., Pan, J., Zhao, Y., 2015. Nitric oxide contributes to minerals absorption, proton pumps and hormone equilibrium under cadmium excess in Trifolium repens L. plants. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 119, 35-46.
Naz, A.A., Sardar Khan, S.K. Muhammad Qasim, M.Q., Salma Khalid., S.K., 2013. Metals toxicity and its bioaccumulation in purslane seedlings grown in controlled environment. Natural Science 5(5), 573-575.
Oklestkova, J., Rárová, L., Kvasnica, M., Strnad., M., 2015. Brassinosteroids: synthesis and biological activities. Phytochemistry reviews 14(6), 1053-72.
Olubunmi, F.E., Olorunsola, O.E., 2010. Evaluation of the status of heavy metal pollution of sediment of Agbabu bitumen deposit area, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research 41(3), 373-382.
Petrov, V.D., Van Breusegem, F., 2012. Hydrogen peroxide: a central hub for information flow in plant cells. AoB plants, Oxford Academic.
Posmyk, M., Kontek, R., Janas, K., 2009. Antioxidant enzymes activity and phenolic compounds content in red cabbage seedlings exposed to copper stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72(2), 596-602.
Rezvani, M., Zaefarian, F., Miransari, M., Nematzadeh., G.A., 2012. Uptake and translocation of cadmium and nutrients by Aeluropus littoralis. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58(12), 1413-25.
Singh, S. Prasad, S.M., 2017. Effects of 28-homobrassinoloid on key physiological attributes of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings under cadmium stress: Photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Plant Growth Regulation 1(82), 161-173.
Singh, S. Prasad, S.M., 2014. Growth, photosynthesis and oxidative responses of Solanum melongena L. seedlings to cadmium stress: mechanism of toxicity amelioration by kinetin. Scientia Horticulturae 176, 1-10.
Singh, S., Parihar, P., Singh, R., Singh, V.P., 2016. Heavy metal tolerance in plants: role of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics. Frontiers in plant science 6, 1143-45.
Stolfa, I., Pfeiffer, T.Z., Spoljaric, D., Teklic, T., Loncaric, Z., 2015.Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in plants: response of the antioxidative system, in Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Plants Under Stress, Springer, 127-163.
Szekeres, M. Bishop, G.J., 2008. Integration of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling. Annual Plant Reviews. Plant Hormone Signaling 24, 67-68.
Takahashi, R., Y., Ishimaru, Y., Senoura, T., Shimo, H., Ishikawa, S., Arao, T., Nakanishi, H., 2011. The OsNRAMP1 iron transporter is involved in Cd accumulation in rice. Journal of experimental botany 62(14), 4843-50.
Tran, T.A. Popova, L.P., 2013. Functions and toxicity of cadmium in plants: recent advances and future prospects. Turkish Journal of Botany 37(1), 1-13.
Vardhini, B.V., Anjum, N.A., 2015. Brassinosteroids make plant life easier under abiotic stresses mainly by modulating major components of antioxidant defense system. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2, 67-72.
Wan, Y., Luo, S., Chen, J., Xiao, X., Chen, L., Zeng, G., Liu, C., He, Y., 2012. Effect of endophyte-infection on growth parameters and Cd-induced phytotoxicity of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. Chemosphere 89(6), 743-750.
Yusuf, M., Khan, T.A., 2017. Brassinosteroids: Physiological Roles and its Signalling in Plants, in Stress Signaling in Plants: Genomics and Proteomics Perspective, 2nd. Springer, 241-260.
Zhang, F., Wan, X., Zheng, Y., Sun, L., Chen, Q., Zhu, X., Guo, Y.L., Liu, M., 2014. Effects of nitrogen on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression in leaves of Populus plants subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of plant interactions 9(1), 599-609.
Zhu, J.K., 2016. Abiotic stress signaling and responses in plants. Cell 167(2), 313-324.
Biospeices Research
Volume 1, Issue 1
Winter 2026
Pages 35-56

  • Receive Date 03 December 2025
  • Revise Date 08 January 2026
  • Accept Date 30 January 2026
  • First Publish Date 01 February 2026
  • Publish Date 01 February 2026